HOMA THERAPY treatment in the cultivation of cotton required an investment of S/ 2,126·74 per hectare and produced a yield of 54·79 quintals per hectare in batch C

-CPR-208, with excellent fibre quality that equalled the original characteristics of the variety Tanguis. It gave returns of S/ 2,254·71 of gross utility per hectare, which in economic terms means that for each 1 New Sol invested, there is a return of more than 1 New Sol of Utility.

In comparison with the chemical treatment, HOMA THERAPY produced 30% more quintals, with 28% lower production costs and a gross utility of 143% more.

The HOMA treated cotton reached physiological maturity 13 days earlier than the chemically treated cotton (Analysis of Thermal Units on Precocity). This has been interpreted as an interesting parameter of comparative efficiency when compared with the chemical treatment.

 With respect to the health of the crop, the HOMA THERAPY field remained clean throughout the entire phenological stage of cultivation, in a ”natural” ecological equilibrium, that is to say without the intervention of man.

  
1.INTRODUCTION

 Tanguis cotton is the pillar of the economy for farmers from the central coast of Peru. Since its introduction by Don Fermin Tanguis in 1908, it has been a source of wealth, employment and food not only during the productive cycle but also in its exportation and industrialisation.

Its validity has been questioned due to its long vegetative period, but to date no other variety exists in the area that could replace it, given the high fibre quality, coarseness and high yields.

Cotton has one of the most intensive levels of chemical inputs of all cash crops and it has been estimated that cotton fields occupy 3% of the cultivated areas of the whole world, but require 25% of all the pesticides used in agriculture. Pests are such a serious threat to cotton production that it is almost impossible to obtain viable economic returns without careful vigilance and chemical controls. Taking measures to protect the plant have become crucial to production and pesticides, the use of which is forbidden on food crops, are commonly used on cotton.

The application of this production model to the cultivation of cotton, has resulted in a series of environmental and social consequences of great concern today. These are principally the result of the high chemical input (fertilisers and pesticides) required for the production of cotton. In many countries this has had widely known environmental impacts, as is the case in the Valley of Cañete (1949-1956), Nicaragua (1956-1965), India, Russia and the United States.  This leads to an increase in pests and their resistance to treatment, an increase in the frequency of pesticide applications, higher production costs and reduced yields.

It is up to us to try to maintain and improve the exceptional qualities of Tanguis cotton by means of research programmes such as the present, which allow quality and yields to be recovered in harmony with the environment.

At this point HOMA THERAPY is presented as the simple, practical and viable solution to achieving this goal.

2.      AIMS OF THE PROJECT

 The present project was carried out with the support of the Technical Co-operation Agreement between the ‘Instituto Superior Tecnológico Público, Cañete,’ (ISTPC) and a specialist in HOMA THERAPY, Margie Arana,. It was decided that the scientific investigation should evaluate the following:

·        The quali-quantitative effects of HOMA THERAPY on the health of the cotton crop as compared with agrochemical based treatments.

·        The quality and yield obtained

·        The economic merit of HOMA treatment in comparison to agrochemical treatment.

3.  METHODS AND MATERIALS USED IN CULTIVATION

 1.Site

The project was carried out on agricultural land belonging to ISTP, Cañete, 40 hectares., situated in the ex Fundo la Victoria, in Quilmaná District, Cañete.,

From the 40 ha. the following plots were assigned to the cultivation of cotton for the 1999-2000 campaign:

·        Plot A2/3 (12ha.)

·        Plot C1 (02 ha.), 01ha. Lower part and 01 ha. Upper part.

Within these plots the following evaluation control plots were defined for the present project:

·        Control I (a): Plot C1 Upper part, 01 ha., Tanguis cotton batch UNA-01 with 100% HOMA treatment

·        Control I (b): Plot C1 Lower part, 01ha., Tanguis cotton batch CÑ-CPR-208 with 100% HOMA treatment

·        Control II: Plot A2/A3 (adjacent to plot C1 lower part), 12 ha, Tanguis cotton batch CÑ-CPR-208 with 100% chemical treatment.

 A third plot, defined as Control III (02ha), and outside the agricultural land belonging to ISTPC was also chosen, with the aim of comparing the results from an area not under the influence of the HOMA atmosphere. It is sited in San Isidro, 2 kms from ISTPC,  was planted with Tanguis cotton batch CÑ-CPR-208 and received  100% chemical treatment.

2.HOMA installations

In order for the project to take place certain structures made from natural materials were required, these materials being: mud, guayaquil cacao, rope, wood, palm leaf mats, matting, cattle manure, etc.

The installations were:

·        01 3m x 4m Hut ( Agnihotra Fumigation)

·        01 4m x 5m Hut ( Om Tryambakum Homa Fumigation)

·        04 Mud columns each approximately 1·20m in height, sited on the perimeter and each facing one of the cardinal points

·        60 holes, each with a 15cm diameter and depth of 1m, 3 holes being dug every 2 hectares.

 3. HOMA Copper resonance equipment

The equipment required for the 40 ha was installed in the HOMA structures and is herewith described:

·        10 pure copper pyramids for HOMA resonance

·        60 Yantrams, sheets of pure copper used to ensure uniform distribution of the energy in the field. The Yantrams were buried in the 60 holes.

4.  Material required for HOMA treatment. 

 The following inputs were required for the HOMA treatment

·        Unsalted cow’s milk butter.. 10kgs per month were required to treat the 40ha. Monthly cost per hectare S/ 3·75.

·        Dried cattle manure. 2 sacks per month were required. Monthly cost per hectare S/ 0·75.

·        Whole grain Brown rice. 1 kilo of whole grain rice was used over 3 months. Monthly cost per hectare S/ 0·03

·        AGNIHOTRA ash. The result of AGNIHOTRA fumigation, prepared from dried cattle manure, clarified cow’s milk butter and whole grain brown rice, and prepared following the HOMA THERAPY instructions.

·        OM TRYAMBAKAM HOMA. The result of Om Tryambakam fumigation, prepared from dried cattle manure and clarified cow’s milk butter.

·        Equipment required for the preparation and storage of the clarified cow’s milk butter: Clay dishes, strainers, glass containers, wooden spoons, etc.

·        Other Equipment: GPS (2), Compass, Computer, Printer, Fumigation bag, Buckets, 200litre plastic cylinder, etc.

5.  Field trials

To obtain the results the following tests were carried out on samples taken from Control I plot:

·        A phytosanitary test

·        A complete foliar analysis and an HVI Fibre analysis

·        Analysis of Thermal units (·C) on Precocity

The plant and fibre samples were taken immediately after the first harvest. Fibre samples were also taken from Control II and from other fields outside the institute. The analysis of Heat units on the precocity of the cotton was performed by the biologist Lorenzo Solier, M.Sc. Eng.

Throughout the project technical observations were carried out to determine the health of the crops: phytopathology and entomopathology testing was carried out in each Control. These tests were performed by a team from the National Health Service of the Ministry of Agriculture, SENASA- at the Cañete Local Office during the initial phase of cultivation, and later continued by the technical team from the Agrarian Health Committee of Cañete valley, COSAGRA- an institution dependent on SENASA. At the same time the technicians Leonardo Obregón Perales and José Ninasaume Méndez and the engineer Manuel Rios Torres, made observations of the crop starting at the second phase of cultivation until the last crop of cotton was harvested in the first week of June 2000.

 6.  HOMA Treatment (1)

The HOMA Therapy treatment is the use of bioenergy, obtained by means of fumigations applied by magnetic resonance and by direct application on the field. In addition the products obtained from the resonance fumigation were applied during cultivaton.

HOMA THERAPY is a multidisciplinary science combining principally bioenergy, cosmobiology, magnetic resonance and pyramidology.

The way in which these interact is described as follows:

Exact measurements of the Longitude and Latitude of the area where HOMA THERAPY is to be applied, are taken using a GPS (2), in order to define the central point of the total area. An almanac of sunrise and sunset is obtained for this point using the computer and German software. (3) With the aid of the almanac it is then possible to tune into the flows of bioenergy, which are only available in nature with the first and last rays of the sun.

Fumigation is also carried out according to the cycle of lunar phases, mainly at Full and New moon.

The copper pyramids act as a turbine, such that when the treatment materials are burnt inside them, the capture process of the collected bioenergy flows is increased. Resonance is produced when the operator chants the Mantras (4), in response to the vibration that is produced in certain functions of Nature which bring healing energies to Earth. This resonance is distributed throughout the area where the HOMA resonance copper equipment is found.

 _________________________

(1)     HOMA THERAPY = A science of the Vruksna Ayurveda, The medicine of Plants, included in the VEDAS, the most ancient body of knowledge known to man. HOMA is a technical synonym of YAJNIA which means: ”the process of removing the toxic condition of  the atmosphere through the agency of fire made from natural materials and tuned to the rhythms of Nature” It is the resulting resonance which heals.

(2)     GPS= Global Position System, an electronic navigational aid connected to satellites which revolve around the Earth, and which allows the exact geographical location of a point to be determined.

(3)     AGNIHOTRA TIMMING = software designed by German scientists, from which the exact time, precise to the second, of the sunrises and sunsets may be calculated for specific  co-ordinates.

(4)     MANTRAS =  Words pronounced in Sanskrit, the oldest language in the world, which when combined produce a powerful energy that allows elements of Nature to be activated. The Mantras are described in the VEDAS.

 The principal HOMA Fumigations by magnetic resonance are described below:

·        AGNIHOTRA. This is performed by tuning into the apparent rhythm of the sunrises and sunsets, where the times given are calculated exact to the second (AGNIHOTRA TIMMING). Agnihotra is the basic fumigation in HOMA THERAPY, and it allows the capture of a positive pattern of healing energy, which is then distributed in all the treatment area.

·        VIAHRUTI HOMA.  This uses the bioenergy of the sun to purify the atmosphere, it can be carried out at any time of the day except at the time of AGNIHOTRA. It reinforces the pattern created by AGNIHOTRA.

 Fumigations directly onto the field are made with the ash solutions resulting from AGNIHOTRA, these act as foliar feed incorporating micro and macro elements. Two solutions were applied:

·        A solution of AGNIHOTRA water, prepared with 50g of AGNIHOTRA ash per 200l of clean water. The solution is left to stand for 2 nights and is then applied directly to the foliage.

·        A nutritive solution with AGNIHOTRA ash, prepared with 50g of AGNIHOTRA ash and 500g of dried cattle manure per 200 l of clean water. The solution is left to stand for two nights and is then applied directly to the foliage.

 4.      CULTIVATION MANAGEMENT OF THE COTTON

 1)                  Site preparation

CONTROL I (100% HOMA THERAPY), 21-09-1999 to 03-10-1999, where batch UNA-01 was to be planted the ground was prepared following recommended routine cultivation practice: ploughing, harrowing, irrigation, etc.

Where batch CÑ-CPR-208 was to be planted, the ground was not prepared according to regular practice, it was merely tilled and raked over ready for sowing. The land was not watered prior to sowing.

CONTROL II (100%) CHEMICAL, 08-09-1999 to 16-09-1999. Here the ground was prepared to obtain optimum conditions for sowing.

2). Sowing

The Homa Therapy specialist, Margie Arana recommended that the seeds be treated following HOMA THERAPY practice, soaking the seed in cow’s urine for 2 hours and then mixing it with the Agnihotra ash and fresh cattle manure.

The engineer, Antonio Astocaza, field officer until December 1999 and responsible for ensuring the availability of resources and the meeting of crop deadlines, decided to treat the cotton seed chemically in all of the ISTP field, including in Control I (HOMA treatment).

The distance between rows was 1·10 m. and between plants 0·45 m.

The plants with a spacing of between 0·45 m. and 0·50 m. were observed to develop better, with better aeration, in spite of being further apart than recommended for the given soil, and this affected the yield. Thus, there was a low density of plants per hectare, which affected the final yields. The recommended separation for sandy soils is 30 cms.

CONTROL I (100%) HOMA), Sowing by tractor took place on 04-10-1999.  There was a 100% germination from UNA-01 and 95% germination from CÑ-CPR-208, due to the soil conditions at time of sowing.

CONTROL II (100% CHEMICAL). Sowing by tractor took place between 17-09-1999 and 26-09-1999 and a chemical disinfectant was applied.  There was an 80% germination, as a result of which it was necessary to repeat sowing manually with a hoe.

3). Cultivation

CONTROL I  (100% HOMA).

·        Initial weeding was left too late on in the cultivation, as a result of which it was necessary to machine weed in December 1999. From then on weeding took place as required.

·        The field with CÑ-CPR-208 was watered immediately after sowing as the land had not been well watered prior to sowing. After the initial watering, irrigation was left for 60 days in both Control I fields until the first week of December (05-12-1999). The ground was allowed to dry out for a further three weeks until the beginning of 2000, when batch UNA-01 was heavily irrigated. This caused a large number of leaves and flowers to drop, which reduced the number of bolls and therefore yield. Batch CÑ-CPR-208 was irrigated in the second week of January, and then watered according to the needs of the plant from the second week of February until the first week of March.

·        The lack of regular irrigation until after the critical period of the cultivation process caused poor rooting in the plants. Late irrigation also caused flowers to drop. On plot UNA- 01 the water problem was permanent as the plot drainpipes crossed the drainpipes of the ISTP swimming pool causing severe waterlogging which resulted in rootrot;this problem is estimated to have caused 50% of the loss of flowers and maturing bolls.

·        The application of fertilisers was 30 days overdue as there were no organic fertilisers in store. 05 sacks of guano and 15 sacks of chicken manure per hectare were applied once only on 04-12-1999. In addition, leaf feed in the form of ash solutions of AGNIHOTRA was applied. The first application to each batch was made on 19^th and 20^th of November and further applications were made from January 2000 until 25 February 2000 at the rate of 2 applications per hectare per week.

Owing to the delay and the low proportion of guano in the fertilisation, the sector planting was reduced in size and had a lower ramification rate on the productive branches.

·        Both batches of Control I were thinned out on 10-11-99

1.      This task was also carried out later than normal and as it was not done to a satisfactory level had to be repeated in the first week of January. The delay in thinning out resulted in poor development and growth, and lack of ventilation and adequate light, which delayed flowering and fruiting.

·        Routine cultivation. The soil was machine tilled once when the fertiliser was applied and once by horse at the end of February.

 CONTROL II (100% CHEMICAL )

·        There was an abundance of weeds in the field and therefore weeding was carried out from the first month.

·        Intervals between watering were well spaced, the first at the beginning of December, and then from the first week of January plants were irrigated as required. The crop was irrigated a total of 7 times.

·        The initial fertilisation took place 30 days late. 4 sacks of Urea, 2 sacks of ammonium sulphate and 2 sacks of potassium sulphate, mixed with 20 sacks of chicken manure were applied. A second fertilisation in the same proportions took place at the end of January.

·        Thinning out was one week late in the first week of November.

·        The field was tilled twice, once after each fertilisation, the first with a tractor and the second with a horse.

 4). Pesticide application

Blackfly (aphis gossypii) was observed to have caused a damage level of 5 in Control II field in the first month of cultivation.

A natural biological pest control had begun to take place when a pesticide was applied. Immediately afterwards there was no trace of blackfly, nor of any other natural predator. The next application was against the bollweevil (Heliothis virescens).

Control I field (100% HOMA) started and finished the campaign without any health problems that caused economic damage to the crop, as can be seen in the evaluations.

5). Cotton harvest

 Harvesting in both Controls took place on the following dates: 1^st. Round on 30-03-2000, 2^nd round on 27-04-2000, 3^rd round on 18-05-2000, the plants were cut down on 25-05-2000 and the last crop was harvested on 08-06-2000. The burning off of the cotton has been programmed for 17-06-2000.

4.      TESTS MADE

 1)Health.

The following pests were the main health problem in CONTROL II: blackfly (aphis gossypii), Cotton bollweevil (heliothis virescens), Texas moth(anomis texana), cotton bug (Dysdercus peruvianus)  and pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossyiella).

a)      Blackfly (aphis gosssypii), A sap sucking-biting insect, attacked plants in the initial phase, 20 days after germination in Control II area (100% chemical control) reaching a damage level of 5, and damaging the plants in the centre of this plot. Perfektion, was applied after 30 days at 250 ml per 200 l of water per hectare.

b)      Cotton bollweevil (Heliothis virescens). Principal miner of bolls. A pest (larva) present in the second phase at 60-75 days. Perfektion was applied at 250ml per 200 l of water per hectare.

c)      Texas Moth (anomis texana) A pest (larva) taking irregular shaped bites out of the leaves, present from the second phase at 80 days until after the first harvest. In Control II there was an 85% incidence rate causing severe damage to the base of the plant. Their presence in Control I did not cause any significant damage. They were first observed after the first harvest, that is to say at the end of routine cultivation.

d)      Cotton bug (Dysdercus peruvianus),  A pest that appeared after the 3^rd cotton crop. There was a noticeable quantity of the insects in Control II field but no significant damage occurred to the crop.(6%). Cotton bugs were found in Control I but the damage to the crop was less than 2%.

e)      Pink bollworm (Pectinophora Gossypiella). Pest that appeared at the final stage of cultivation (150-200 days). In Control II few male adults were found in the control pheromone traps but there was damage to plants in Section A2 of the plot. In spite of finding a large number of adults in the traps in Control I, no plant damage was observed. No insecticides were applied.

 Control I, under HOMA THERAPY treatment, was observed to have a high number of natural predators, which helped to maintain the equilibrium of insects damaging to the crop. In the chemically treated area a low number and little variety of natural predators was observed, as seen in the reports by SENASA and COSAGRA. After insecticide spraying, the predators were found to migrate slowly from the HOMA THERAPY plot to the chemical plot.

1)                  Complete foliar analysis and HVI fibre analysis.

 ”From the foliar analysis performed in the HOMA treatment field, the low levels of Nitrogen, Potassium, Chlorine, Zinc and Magnesium were found to be a limiting factor in normal plant development. Moreover I believe that Boron and Iron should be present in proportions of 500ppm and 100ppm respectively.

From a physiological aspect boron, potassium and zinc are responsible for normal fibre development, hence the fibre quality.”  Comments by Lorenzo Solier  M.Sc.

Due to the effect of ”La Niña”, in the 1999-2000 campaign, a deterioration in the fibre quality of the Tanguis cotton was detected. The cotton registered an average staple of 30, fibre resistance between 30/31, and a whiteness defined as ” creamy”, and therefore opaque. This occurred  generally on the Central and Southern coast of the country where this variety is grown.

In the HVI analysis the quality of cotton obtained with HOMA treatment showed excellent results, meeting the average characteristics of Tanguis.

Batch UNA-01 had staple 32·1, fibre resistance 32·8 and whiteness 8 (a particularly high value, as the characterisistic ”creaminess” obtained values of 9·5 upwards, as in sample E), lustre 78·70

In batch CÑ-CPR-208, the lustre value is higher at 80·80, with whiteness 8·70, resistance 32·30, and an average staple of 30. The bright whiteness was striking and could be seen at a glance when walking through the field.

The fibre of batch CÑ-CPR-208 that received chemical treatment in the ISTP field, obtained a better staple at 31·30, but the colour, lustre and resistance were no better than for the HOMA cotton. The HOMA cotton in batch UNA-01 obtained a better staple, fibre resistance and whiteness than the chemical cotton.

3)  Analysis of thermal units on precocity.

The table below shows the effect of thermal units on cotton precocity in both treatments.

With Homa treatment	Days	Degree days (ºC)
Batch UNA-:  1st harvest	183	1,133·90
2nd harvest	208	1,315·20
Batch CÑ-CPR-208:
1ST harvest	184	1,141·20
2nd harvest	208	1,315·20

           

With Chemicals	Days	Degree days (ºC)
Batch CÑ-CPR-208
1st Harvest	197	1,144·95
2nd Harvest	223	1,333·50

 Both batches of  HOMA treated cotton reached physiological maturity 13 days earlier than the chemically treated cotton.

The physiological maturity of HOMA treated cotton had an average of 1,137·55ºC degree days and 184 days in the first harvest; 1,315·20ºC degree days and 208 days for the second harvest.

 6) HARVEST YIELDS AND ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF TREATMENT

  As batch CÑ-CPR-208 was used in the phytosanitary evaluations made by SENASA in Control II (100% Chemical ) and Control III (100%Chemical), Batch CÑ-CPR-208 was chosen for the evaluation of HOMA treatment in order to remain constant.

According to the results of Campaign 1999-2000 of the present project, the average for the HOMA plot for batch CÑ.CPR-208 was 54·79quintals per hectare, over 12 quintals more than in chemically treated Control II. When compared with other plots in the 40ha of ISTP, the HOMA production was by far the best. The HOMA treated field could have provided a fourth crop before being cut down, but as SENASA had fixed a deadline for clearing the field, it was decided to clear all the Institute land. However, as can be seen in the Table ” COMPARATIVE YIELDS FOR BATCH CÑ-CPR-208 OF HOMA PROJECT”, the harvest from the felled crop was significant in the HOMA field compared to the chemical field.

 In the same table of comparative yields, Plot C1 (upper) with batch UNA-01 has the lowest yields. This can be explained by the cultivation management; Sudden bursts of water after a long dry period (January) and in the second phase of cultivation, permanent excess water, causing rootrot and loss of mature bolls.

 The excellent results from the HOMA treated field compared to the chemically treated field can clearly be seen in the Table of Comparative Yields. When the soil type and area are considered the yields obtained after HOMA treatment (54·79quintals) are excellent. The expected average yield for a sandy soil in the medium-high area of Quilmaná in Cañete is between 45 and 50quintals per hectare. The average for the Valley of Cañete is between 50 and 60 quintals per hectare.

 The economic viability of each treatment was calculated from the production costs, as a function of the output of the ISTP field.

HOMA treatment costs were S/2,126·76 per hectare, and HOMA returns were S/2,254·71, giving an economic viability of 106%

Chemical treatment costs were S/2,942·08 per hectare, with returns of S/930·95, giving an economic viability of 32%.

Given average input costs per hectare in the Valley of Cañete ranging between US$800 and US$1200, and the improved yield, precocity (ºC degree days), product quality and reduced environmental impact of the HOMA treated product, the input costs of HOMA treatment can be fully justified and are extremely viable, giving returns of 01 sol for every 01sol input.

 HIGHER TECHNICAL INSTITUTE ”CAÑETE”

Department of Production

 

COMPARATIVE YIELD IN THE HOMA THERAPY PROJECT

(Measured in quintals, Q)

	Control I (HOMA)		Control II Chemical		Plot B2		Plot D		Plot E
	1hUNA-01	1hCÑ-CPR-208	12h	Q/h	8h	Q/h	2.5h	Q/h	Q/h
1st harvest	8·00	17·42	162·49	13·54	70·60	8·83	28·25	9·30	18·16
2nd harvest	13·95	17·82	199·67	16·64	169·7	21·21	48·91	19·56	13·04
3rd harvest	2·9	7·55	84·89	7·07	65·15	8·14	25·54	10·22	6·76
Cut crop	3·0	12·0	62·0	5·0	55·0	6·88	11·5	4·6	3·0
Total/h	27·85	54·79		42·25		45·06		43·68	40·96

Note:

CÑ-CPR-208 was sown in Control II (Chemical), Plot B2, and Plot D. Plot E was managed in an experimental form with 3 batches: UNA-01, Massaro and CÑ-CPR-208

 

Source: Yield report, Department of Production, ISTP, Cañete.

 

HIGHER TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, ”CAÑETE”

Department of Production

 PRODUCTION COSTS OF  COTTON CULTIVATION IN THE HOMA PROJECT

(Costs per hectare expressed in new sols)

One day’s labour                      s/, 10·00

One hour of machinery              s/, 36·00

 Note: The 4^th Harvest was sold by plot.
The price fetched by the crop varied according to the quantity of weeds in the field.

HIGHER TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE ”CAÑETE”

Department of Production

ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF HOMA TREATED COTTON CROP

(per hectare and expressed in New Sols)

	With Agrochemicals				With Homa Therapy
Returns	Price	Quintals	Total		Price	Quintals	Total
1st Harvest	92·00	13·54	1,245·68		92·00	17·42	1,602·64
2nd Harvest	95·00	16·69	1,585·55		95·00	17·82	1,692·90
3rd harvest	98·00	7·10	695·80		98·00	7·55	739·90
4th Harvest	346·60	5·00	346·00*		346·60	12·00	346·00*
	Total Income S/		3,873·03		Total Income S/		4,381·44
	Total Costs S/		2,942·08		Total Costs S/		2,126·74
Total Utility per hectare S/			930·95	Total Utility per hectare S/			2,254·71
Total quintals per hectare			42·33	Total quintals per hectare			54·79

 

ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF AGROCHEMICLAS  32%	ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF HOMA THERAPY  106%
HOMA THERAPY PRODUCED 129% MORE PER HECTARE THAN CHEMICALTREATMENT  Note: The 4th crop of cotton was sold by plot. The production cost is taken from the table of Production costs for the HOMA treated cotton costs. The ginning company, La Colca, established the sale price for 1999-2000